What Is Surgical Oncology and When Is It Needed?

Cancer is a term that can feel overwhelming for anyone. With advancements in medicine, there are now several ways to treat cancer, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and surgery. One of the most important approaches in the fight against cancer is surgical oncology. But what exactly is it, and when is it needed? Let’s explore this in a simple and easy-to-understand way.

Understanding Surgical Oncology

Surgical oncology is a medical specialty that focuses on the surgical treatment of cancer. This means removing tumours or cancerous tissues from the body through surgery. The goal is not just to remove the visible cancer but also to reduce the risk of it spreading to other parts of the body.

Surgical oncologists are specially trained surgeons who understand the complexities of cancer and how it interacts with the body. Unlike general surgery, which deals with a wide range of conditions, surgical oncology requires knowledge of cancer biology, tumour behaviour, and the best surgical techniques to ensure that the cancer is removed effectively and safely.

Types of Surgical Procedures in Oncology

There are several types of surgical procedures that a surgical oncologist might perform. These include:

• Curative Surgery: This is done when the cancer is detected early and can be completely removed. The goal is to cure the patient by taking out the tumour and a margin of healthy tissue around it.
• Debulking Surgery: Sometimes, it is not possible to remove all the cancer. In such cases, the surgeon removes as much of the tumour as possible to make other treatments like chemotherapy or radiation more effective.
• Palliative Surgery: This is aimed at relieving symptoms and improving the quality of life for patients when the cancer cannot be cured. For example, surgery may be performed to reduce pain, control bleeding, or remove blockages.
• Preventive Surgery: In some high-risk cases, surgery is done to remove tissues or organs before cancer develops, such as removing breasts in individuals with a high genetic risk of breast cancer.

When Is Surgical Oncology Needed?

Surgical oncology is needed in several situations, depending on the type, stage, and location of cancer. Some common scenarios include:

1. Early-Stage Cancer: Surgery is often the first choice when cancer is detected at an early stage. Removing the tumour early increases the chances of complete recovery.
2. Localised Tumours: When the cancer is confined to one area and has not spread to other parts of the body, surgery can be very effective.
3. Before Other Treatments: In certain cases, surgery may be performed first to reduce tumour size before chemotherapy or radiation therapy is started.
4. After Other Treatments: Sometimes, chemotherapy or radiation may shrink the tumour, making it easier for the surgeon to remove it completely.
5. Emergency Situations: Surgery may be needed urgently if cancer causes complications, such as internal bleeding, obstruction of organs, or severe pain.

Benefits of Surgical Oncology

Choosing surgical treatment for cancer has several benefits. It can remove the primary tumour entirely, which may reduce the risk of cancer spreading. Surgery also allows doctors to examine the removed tissue under a microscope to understand the exact type of cancer. This helps in planning further treatments if needed. Additionally, for certain types of cancer, surgery combined with chemotherapy or radiation offers the best chances of long-term survival.

Risks and Considerations

Like all surgeries, procedures in surgical oncology come with some risks. These may include infection, bleeding, and complications related to anaesthesia. Recovery time can vary depending on the type of surgery and the patient’s overall health. It is important to have a detailed discussion with the surgical oncologist about the benefits, risks, and expected outcomes.

Patients should also understand that surgery may be only one part of the overall cancer treatment plan. In many cases, chemotherapy, radiation, or targeted therapies may follow surgery to ensure any remaining cancer cells are eliminated.

Preparing for Surgery

Preparing for cancer surgery involves medical evaluations, imaging tests, and discussions about medications. Patients may also need to make lifestyle adjustments such as improving nutrition, quitting smoking, or managing chronic health conditions. Emotional preparation is equally important. Support from family, friends, or counselling services can help patients feel more confident and less anxious before surgery.

Recovery and Follow-Up

After surgery, the recovery process begins in the hospital and continues at home. The surgical team monitors healing, manages pain, and ensures there are no complications. Follow-up visits are crucial to check for any signs of recurrence and to plan additional treatments if necessary. Physical therapy or rehabilitation may be recommended in cases where surgery affects mobility or organ function.

Conclusion

Surgical oncology plays a vital role in cancer treatment. It is not just about removing tumours; it is about improving survival, preventing spread, and enhancing the quality of life for patients. Knowing when surgical intervention is needed can make a significant difference in outcomes. If you or a loved one is diagnosed with cancer, consulting a surgical oncologist can help you understand the best course of action tailored to your specific condition. With advancements in modern medicine, surgical oncology continues to offer hope and effective solutions to patients battling cancer.